Moreover, in the wake of the Shanghai massacre, the more radical idea that Chinese communism should actually pursue its own independent path began to take root. For example, while Mao continued to favor the creation of soviets (councils) and the land redistribution policy, he began to militarize the dialogue by highlighting the need to arm the masses and accelerate the process of change through the creation of a wave-like or tidal revolutionary movement throughout China.
With his vision of a combined victory over Chiang and the Japanese firmly in place, Mao turned to a resolution of the land question to win the Chinese people to his side. His goal was to introduce the class struggle into the countryside and elevate the revolutionary consciousness of the masses by depicting the landlord class [as] the principal enemy of the revolution. The goal was to mobilize the peasants in the countryside, lend them…...

This was mostly carried out as an attempt to further instill fear within the Party, and to remove anyone that Mao considered to be a potential rival. Mao used the ed Army as his tool for the 'Cultural evolution' relying on the ideologies of the young members to drive them on (ogaski, 2007).
Through 'The Cultural evolution', members of the ed Army were given the permission to create chaos and lawlessness across the country. In effect this created a similar situation to that which had been the case with governments under the Qing Dynasty, which brought China around full-circle. In the end it can be seen, therefore that Mao did not succeed in removing the corruption which he had aimed to rid the country of, but in fact created huge losses of life in his attempts to do so.

During 'The Cultural evolution' Mao elevated himself to the status of a…...

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References

Chang, J. And Halliday, J. (2005) Mao: The Unknown Story. New York: Alfred a. Knopf.

Chung, T. (1995) Mao Zedong - the Product of History. China Report, 31, 135.

Feigon, L. (2002) Mao: A Reinterpretation. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee.

Mao Zedong: Hero and Villain." (2005) Minnesota-China Connection. Minnesota Department of Employment and Economic Development. Available [online] at 6/11/2007].http://www.minnesota-china.com/Education/emGov/mao.htm[Accessed

Often, he was proven correct in his decisions despite opposition, but his tactics were questionable at the least.
The first decade or so of Mao Zedong's rule, as neatly overviewed in the first essay of MacFarquhar's book, paints a picture of Mao that in large measure incorporates both of the extreme visions tat persist about him today. There is the brilliance and wisdom with which many of his decisions are made, tempered by the violence and unilateral nature of many of these same decisions. There is some truth in the belief that such smart and charismatic leadership must have come from a spirit and mind tat at least glimpsed nobility even if it did not possess it; surely, Mao's intention was not pure self-aggrandizement but the further growth of his native country and its people. The excessive zeal with which he pursued this end became the real issue that cast…...

Active defense is a real defense and passive defense is a spurious defense by Mao Zedong Active defense
Active defense can be simply explained as a defense launched with an objective of counter attacking the enemy.
Passive defense
Passive defense can be defined as defending for the sake of it.
Analysis:
Mao Zedong, in explaining active defense, referred it to as offensive defense, or defending through resolute engagements (Mao, 1965). In referring to passive defense Mao (1965) referred to it as pure defense or defensive defense. Mao (1965) noted that passive defense is a spurious or an inauthentic type of defense. According to Mao Zedong the only real defense was active defense. Active defense according to Zedong was defending with the intention of launching a counter attack and taking on the offensive. The difference between active and passive defense is in the reaction (Mao, 1965).
Mao contrasted passive defense with active defense. In his opinion prolonged defensive…...

Wild Swans: Three Daughters of China
Wild Swans is the story of three generations of women in China in the 20th century. The author is Jung Chang: her autobiography comprises the last third section of the book; the first two sections are devoted to telling the story of her grandmother Yu-Fang and her mother Bao Qin. Instead of writing a straight autobiography, Chang chose to begin her story two generations back—the purpose being to provide not only personal historical context but also a sense of the cultural historical context in which her family came into being. By beginning the book with the statement that her grandmother “became the concubine of a warlord general” at the age of fifteen, Chang immediately gives her story a sweeping, grand epic backdrop: she is no mere commoner of humble origins but rather a figure whose family was right in the heart or thick of the…...

During his first few months in Paris, Marx became a communist and put forth his views in a plethora of writings known as the Economic and philosophical Manuscripts, that remained unpublished until the 1930s. It was also in Paris that Marx developed his life long association with Friedrich Engels. (Karl Marx, 1818-1883)
At the end of 1844 Marx was debarred from Paris and with Engels migrated to Brussels. In the initiation of 1848, Marx moved back to Paris when a revolution first emerged and onto Germany where he instituted again in Cologne, the Neue heinishce Zeitung. In later periods Marx settled in London, and was optimistic about the imminence of a new revolutionary emergence in Europe. He re-entered the Communist League and wrote two prolonged pamphlets on the 1848 revolution in France and its repercussions, the Class Struggles in France and the 18th Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte. He had a…...

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References

Adams, John. Ideology. Retrieved at Accessed on 28 April, 2005http://www2.sunysuffolk.edu/westn/Ideology.html.

Biography: Mao Zedong. Retrieved at Accessed on 28 April, 2005http://il.essortment.com/maozedongbiogr_rkok.htm.

Bunton, Hedley P. Forty Years of China: Chapter 11 - the thoughts and acts of Mao Tse-tung. 1988. Retrieved at Accessed on 28 April, 2005http://www.acay.com.au/~bunton/china40y/chap11.html.

Karl Marx, 1818-1883. Lectures on Modern European Intellectual History. Retrieved at   Accessed on 28 April, 2005http://www.historyguide.org/intellect/marx.html .

"
The withdrawal was supposed to aid the Communists in controlling the areas vacated by the Japanese, who had succeeded in controlling vast portions of Manchuria.

Stalin's efforts were aimed at forcing "the GMD [Guomindang or Chinese Nationalist Party] to make economic concessions, to prevent a united China from allying with the United States, and to placate Washington on the international arena by giving in to American demands for withdrawal," but in actuality he not only laid the groundwork for the Communists' eventual victory, but also opened up a window for the possibility of a U.S.-Communist alliance that would have destabilized the Soviet Union's power; as will be seen, the United States failed to capitalize on this opportunity, but the fact remains that Stalin's withdrawal seems to have backfired.

Stalin's withdrawal was not directly aimed at ensuring a Communist victory, but rather was an attempt to destabilize the country so as to deter…...

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Bibliography

Ashton, S.R. "Keeping a Foot in the Door: Britain's China Policy, 1945 -- 50." Diplomacy and Statecraft 15 (2004): 79-94.

Bjorge, Gary J. "The Third Chinese Revolutionary Civil War, 1945-49: An Analysis of Communist Strategy and Leadership." The Journal of Military History 74, no. 1 (2010):

297-9.

Boyd, James. "Japanese Cultural Diplomacy in Action: The Zenrin ky? okai in Inner Mongolia,

Ho Chi Minh was for a long time of the most controversial dictators of the world. In this sense, "for westerners Ho Chi Minh has been a figure of some mystery for many years. His death on September 3, 1969 did not end the fascination he holds for people who have found his life enigmatic and his political position unclear." Therefore, it is fair to say that to this day, there are people who more or less worship him and the system he created as a result of his desire for power and supremacy. The power of Ho Chi Minh was his response to the Western world. As he was incarcerated Ho Chi Minh defied the Western world by defending himself and supporting the idea of him being a nationalist. As stated before, the idea of the adherence to a country has always been a successful one because people will…...

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Bibliography

Asian Political News. China to mark 30th anniversary of Mao's death, tight grip on legacy. 2006.  http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0WDQ/is_2006_Sept_11/ai_n16715796 

C.E. Dent, "Sociological indoctrination under conditions of dictatorship." 1936.

Calvocoressi, Peter. World politics since 1945. New York: Longman, 1987.

DeCaro, Peter a. Rhetoric of Revolt: Ho Chi Minh's Discourse for Revolution. Westport, CT.: Praeger. 2003.

S. demand.
Before leaving China, Chang began to seriously question Mao and his methods, and after she left, she realized just how repressive the government was, and that she would not return to China to live. Today, long after Mao's death, China has made it into the 21st century, but it is still a repressive and controlling dictatorship, essentially, and this book helps put the country and its leadership in perspective. The Chinese are proud people, and they seem to accept power and control as a way of life. It would not be hard to imagine another revolution in the country, as western ideas and attitudes make their way into this emerging giant. It would be interesting to see what this author has to say about that, in the future.

In conclusion, Chang's book is a close look into 20th century history and development in China. It shows how the country has…...

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References

Chang, Jung. 2003. Wild Swans: Three Daughter of China. New York: Doubleday.

Jung Chang. 2003. Wild Swans: Three Daughter of China. New York: Doubleday, 16.

Ibid, 19.

Ibid, 34.

Maoist China and Post-War East Asia
To Live and the oral interviews of Chinese citizens who suffered under the Maoist regimes should be on the list of essential reading material for any individual compiling an encyclopedia entry on the life of Mao Zedong. While reading Mao's actual biography by a credible author would be important, the impact of Mao's life upon the populace is equally significant. The biographical text would be used for the basic information about Mao's life -- the circumstances under which he was born, what moved him to adopt communism, and his struggle against the Chinese nationalists that ultimately cumulated in his ascendency to leadership in China.

However, these 'driver's license' facts only scratch the surface of how Mao is remembered by the Chinese people. Interviews such as "A foot of mud and a pile of shit" show the suffering of people forced to toil the land in the…...

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Q2. When the United States assumed control over Japan, Japan had experienced a reactionary period in which worship of the Emperor and a military dictatorship eradicated any democratic leanings that had existed in the country before. The victorious United States was determined to democratize Japan as a way of ensuring that Japan's remilitarization would never happen again. As well as disarming Japan, the U.S. created a Japanese national constitution that, in effect, imposed democratic values upon Japan. The 1947 Constitution enshrines individual rights as part of its essential fabric.

The economic and political success of Japan would seem to suggest that the U.S. was successful in its mission. However, it should be noted that certain aspects of Japanese culture remain fundamentally unchanged, despite the institution of the American-authored document. Collectivism remains a stronger philosophical value than individualism in Japan than the United States, and Japanese political life has tended to be characterized by far less external debate and divisiveness than in European parliamentary democracies. This suggests that changes in national culture are difficult to instate from without.

As depicted in the documentary about relationships between U.S. servicemen and East Asian women Outside, American has tended to see Asian nations as exotic and different, and either in need of taming or fundamentally different than the U.S. The 1947 Constitution began as a way of trying to make Japan like the West, and supposedly 'better' than it had been, but Japanese culture has since interpreted constitutional values through a uniquely Japanese lens. Although Japan has incorporated some aspects of European culture into itself, it has always done so with a Japanese perspective. This cultural clash between American and Japanese perspectives is dramatized in The Cocktail Party. The play suggests there is mutually justified anger on both sides: Japanese people are angry at Americans because of the mistreatment they suffered immediately after the war, while American soldiers and victims of Japanese wartime violence are slow to forgive.

arxist or Neo-arxist Research
Theorist

Theory Summary

Critique of Theory

ax Weber

According to ax Weber the state is a special entity that possesses a monopoly on the legitimate use of violence. Weber believes politics is a required activity of government used in order to influence and control the relative distribution of force and power in the country.

Weber wrote of three main types of authority and political leadership domination that is present in society. These three types are charismatic, traditional and legal domination.

Weber also developed a theory of stratification where he explained and used such ideas as class, status, and party. According to his theory class is determined by an individual's economic situation. The notion of status is similar to prestige and honor. And the main purpose of parties is to gain domination in certain spheres of life. Like Weber, arx saw society as the struggle for class dominance, the confrontation between oppressors and…...

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Mao Zedong

Marxism identifies only 2 types of production, Two types of production can be used, human and material. These two aspects have interrelation and they depend on each other. However, Mao tried to prove that such an interrelation is not essential. In his opinion both types of production should be included in the economic plan. He also took care and observed the process of population growth. Initially, China's post-1949 leaders were ideologically disposed to view a large population as an asset. Mao said an army of people is invincible. During Mao's rule, from 1949 to 1976, China's population increased from around 550 to over 900 million people. Mao believed that family planning should be integrated as a part of the overall plan for the development of the national economy, and that people should learn how to manage material production and how to manage themselves.

Although

built between the U.S.S.. And China following World War Two. The writer focuses on the issue of Nuclear technology and the tensions between the two because of it. Stalin, Mao and broken promises are examined and put together in a story of history. There were eight sources used to complete this paper.
Currently the world is focused on disarming itself from a nuclear standpoint. America has invaded Iraq on the pretext of forcing the nation to stop nuclear technological advancement and while this is going on North Korea is gearing up its formerly defunct nuclear program. It seems that the world is working to reverse a technology that for many years was the race of success. Two of the largest areas in the world spent years competing with each other for power, and they believed that power was going to be found in nuclear technology. China and the former USS…...

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References

Mao Zedong. The Writings of Mao Zedong, 1949-1976. Sharpe, 1986-. Multivolume work.

Stefoff, Rebecca. Mao Zedong. Millbrook, 1996.

Author not available, ASIA/PACIFIC: The atom bomb, Mao Zedong once said, is a "paper tiger": though., Time International, 08-26-1991, pp 26.

Bates Gill and James Mulvenon - The Chinese Strategic Rocket Forces: Transition to Credible Deterrence

("ed Guards," n.d.) (Chong, 2002)
However, over the course of time is when the ed Guards became more of a paramilitary unit. This is because they were considered to be reserves of the Chinese People Liberation Army. Any activities they were directly involved in, gave the army certain amounts of flexibility in achieving different objectives. As a result, the tactics that were utilized became so extreme that abuses began to occur. This led to changes in the attitudes and ideas of society. When this happened, select segments became more radicalized by these practices. ("ed Guards," n.d.) (Chong, 2002)

The ed Guards Lasting Impact on China

The ed Guards lasting impact on China was to serve as the final symbol of Mao's 1949 communist revolution. This is when there was a focus on going after those remnants from society who were still embracing the ideologies of the past. However, during this process is…...

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References

Red Guards. (n.d.).

Chong, L. (2002). Chinas Great Proletariat Cultural Revolution. New York, NY: Rowman and Littlefield.

East Asian Civilizations
(1) Unequal Treaties

(2) sino-japanese war 3

(3) MARCH 1ST MOVEMENT

(1) CHINA IN DECLINE

(1) CHINA's CIVIL WAR 7

(1) UNEQUAL TREATIES

The growing demand for Chinese tea, silk and ceramics by ritish had created severe trade imbalance for ritain. The ritish were also losing their silver reserves in exchange for Chinese goods. In late 1930's government of Great ritain found "opium" as a solution for resolving trade imbalance. Opium, which is more addictive than tea, was being supplied to China by ritish merchants. As demand for opium increased in China, ritain's imports increased and in this way silver bullion was flowing out of the China into ritain.

However Chinese government (Qing government) took serious steps to stop the trade of opium. Lin Zexu, which was appointed as an Imperial Commissioner for the Destruction of Opium, started an anti-opium campaign. During the campaign, opium stores were destroyed and opium dealers were arrested. This act…...

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

CIIC. "Formation of the Chinese Civilization." 2001. China Internet Information Center. .

Devine, Richard. "Japanese Rule in Korea After the March First Uprising." Monumenta Nipponic 52.4 (1997).

Dyke, Van and Paul Arthur. Tha Canton trade: Life and Enterprise on the China Coast 1700-1845. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 1998.

Liu, Li and Xingcan Chen. The Archaeology of China: From the Late Paleolithic to the Early Bronze Age. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012.

history of China's importance to the U.S., from Nixon's visit to China in 1972 to the present, which contributed to the implementation of Obama's 'U.S. Pivot to Asia Strategy'?
The Cold War represented one of the most important periods in the history of the world. It did not only changed the way in which the political world was configured following the end of the Second World War, but, at the same time, it marked a change in the perspective of the way in which relations among states and international actors are perceived. From this point-of-view, the end of this period marked the beginning of an era in which the political coordinates for international relations were uncertain and lacked a particular direction. The demise of the Soviet Union left the United States as the overall winner in the bipolar struggle. However, the entire state system was thrown into a state of…...

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References

BBC. Hu rejects China political reform. 15 September, 2004.  http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3657906.stm 

Bijian, Zheng. China's "Peaceful Rise" to Great-Power Status. "Foreign Affairs," September/October, 2005.

Calvocoressi, Peter. World politics since 1945. New York: Longman, 1987.

Daniels, Robert V., ed. A Documentary History of Communism. New York: Random House, 1960.

I. Introduction
A. Background information on Mao Zedong
B. Thesis statement: Mao Zedong was a prominent Chinese political leader who played a significant role in shaping China's history.

II. Early Life and Rise to Power
A. Birth and upbringing in Shaoshan, Hunan province
B. Involvement in the Chinese Communist Party (CCP)
C. Participation in the Long March and establishment of Red Army

III. Mao's Leadership Style and Ideology
A. Introduction of Maoist ideology and Marxism-Leninism
B. Implementation of land reforms and collectivization
C. The Great Leap Forward and its impact on the Chinese economy

IV. Cultural Revolution
A. Launch of the Cultural Revolution
....

Mao Zedong's Rise to Power

Early Life and Ideology:

Born in 1893 to a peasant family in Hunan province
Studied at Beijing University, influenced by Marxism and socialism
Organized the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in 1921

Guomindang-CCP Alliance (1923-1927):

CCP allied with the Kuomintang (Nationalist Party) led by Chiang Kai-shek
Joined forces to defeat warlords and establish a unified China

Shanghai Massacre (1927):

Chiang Kai-shek turned against the CCP, leading to the Shanghai Massacre
CCP retreated to rural areas and began guerrilla warfare

Long March (1934-1936):

CCP forces led by Mao embarked on a 6,000-mile retreat from southern China to Shaanxi
Demonstrated the party's....